extendsIn geometry, a square is a rectangle whose sides are equal. We can model this in code like this:
class Rectangle {
constructor(length, width) {
this.length = length;
this.width = width;
}
area() {
return this.length * this.width;
}
}
class Square extends Rectangle {
constructor(width) {
super(width, width);
}
}
The above Square overrides the constructor of its parent Rectangle.
It also dispatches up to its parent by using the magic word super, which means "call the version of this method that's declared in my parent".
Every method that's available in a rectangle is also available in a square, even though Square does not explicitly define them.
let square = new Square(10);
square.area(); //=> 100
Square may also declare entirely new methods, or override (reimplement) any parent methods.
Inheritance works best when:
Q: Given an object instance, how do you tell what class it is?
A: There are many ways, and they are all a bit weird.
> typeof(c)
'object'
> c instanceof Circle
true
> c.constructor.name
'Circle'
> Circle.prototype
Circle {}
> Circle.prototype.isPrototypeOf(c)
true
In dynamic languages like JavaScript, it is generally considered bad form to ask an object what its class is.
The preferred approach is to instead assume that the object can do whatever you ask it to do, and to deal with the "TypeError: c.foo is not a function" exception if it can't.
This is called "polymorphism" -- the idea that there are many (*poly*) forms (*morphs*) that an object can take, and that several different classes of object might perform similar behavior.
It's also called "duck typing", from the old adage:
If it looks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it's a duck.
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